Network Background

Advancing Understanding of Money and Finance

A research network dedicated to developing comprehensive approaches to monetary and financial analysis through interdisciplinary collaboration.

About Our Network

The Money as Finance Research Network brings together researchers from economics, law, accounting, and international political economy to develop innovative approaches to understanding money and finance.

Our work moves beyond traditional monetary models that abstract from finance, and financial models that ignore the temporal and structural role of money. We focus on developing a credit money approach that emphasizes balance sheet relations, endogenous risk, and monetary hierarchy.

Our Mission

  • Conduct cutting-edge research in monetary and financial analysis
  • Organize workshops and conferences for knowledge exchange
  • Publish research findings and policy recommendations
  • Promote financial literacy education

Research Focus

Balance Sheet Relations

Financial obligations span agents and institutions, creating layered dependency structures that amplify stress and redistribute liquidity pressures.

Endogenous Risk

Risk emerges within the system as liquidity mismatches grow during expansions. Crises are triggered when settlement constraints bind.

Monetary Hierarchy

Monetary systems are institutionally stratified. Issuance power, access to settlement, and liquidity support are unequally distributed.

Reflux Dynamics

Money issuance entails a corresponding need for settlement. Circulation is both driven and constrained by settlement mechanisms.

Macrofinancial Modeling

Quantitative frameworks that integrate monetary, financial, and real economic dynamics, emphasizing stock-flow consistency and balance sheet interconnections.

Crossborder Flows

International monetary and financial flows, including currency hierarchies, offshore markets, and global liquidity transmission mechanisms.

Derivatives Research

Analysis of derivative instruments, FX swaps, and off-balance-sheet financing that create hidden vulnerabilities and reshape international financial architecture.

Our People

Meet the scholars, researchers, and organizers who drive the Money as Finance Research Network forward.

Jay Pocklington

Jay Pocklington

Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET)

Director of INET's Young Scholars Initiative. Masters from Freie Universität Berlin. Focuses on economic history and policy analysis, bridging historical insights with contemporary monetary challenges.

Aleksandar Stojanovic

Aleksandar Stojanovic

NYU Shanghai

Assistant Professor at NYU Shanghai with dual PhDs in Economics and Law. Specializes in monetary hierarchy, dealer-based finance, and China's financial system. Develops agent-based modeling for policy applications.

John Haskell

John Haskell

University of Manchester Law School & Harvard Law School

Professor at Manchester Law School and Harvard Law Faculty. Former Fulbright Scholar specializing in Global Law and Political Economy. Director of Law and Technology Initiative. Cryptocurrency industry experience.

Olivia Winberg

Olivia Winberg

Sciences Po Paris (PSIA) & Columbia University (SIPA)

Master's student at Sciences Po Paris and Columbia University specializing in international economic policy, focusing on financial stability. Interested in financial governance, market dynamics, and their interdependencies in shaping global policy outcomes.

Perry Mehrling

Perry Mehrling

Boston University, Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies

Professor at Boston University developing the "money view" framework for analyzing monetary systems. Author of "The New Lombard Street" and "Money and Empire." Teaches Economics of Money and Banking on Coursera.

Jan Toporowski

Jan Toporowski

King's College London & SOAS University of London

Visiting Professor at King's College London, recently retired from SOAS. Literary executor to Michał Kalecki. Published 350+ works on monetary theory, finance, and development economics. Former fund manager and UN consultant.

Claudio Borio

Claudio Borio

Bank for International Settlements (BIS)

Former Head of Monetary and Economic Department at BIS (2013-2024). At BIS since 1987 in various senior positions. DPhil from Oxford. Leading expert on monetary policy, banking, finance and financial stability.

Jo Michell

Jo Michell

University of the West of England, Bristol

Economist specializing in Post-Keynesian economics and stock-flow consistent modeling. Expert on shadow banking systems and how non-bank financial intermediation creates systemic risks. Studies monetary sovereignty.

Giuseppe Fontana

Giuseppe Fontana

University of Leeds & University of Sannio

Professor of Monetary Economics at Leeds and Sannio. PhD from Cambridge. Expert in endogenous money theory and Post-Keynesian approaches. Author of "Money, Uncertainty and Time." Studies monetary policy effectiveness.

Robert McCauley

Robert McCauley

Bank for International Settlements (BIS) & Boston University

Economist specializing in international finance and monetary economics. Former BIS researcher with Boston University affiliations. Expert on offshore dollar markets and currency hierarchy in global finance.

Marina Clavijo

Positive Money

Economic researcher and policy analyst specializing in monetary reform and financial systems. Currently working with Positive Money on alternative approaches to banking and currency systems. Focuses on sustainable finance and monetary policy alternatives for economic justice.

Danqing Hu

Ant Financial

Financial technology researcher and analyst focusing on digital finance and payment systems innovation. Currently working at Ant Financial on fintech solutions and digital financial services. Specializes in the intersection of technology, finance, and economic development in digital economies.

Rachel Lee

EPOG

[Bio to be added]

Michael Loebach

YSI

Financial analyst and researcher with MSAE and CFA credentials focusing on economic analysis and financial markets. Active member of the Young Scholars Initiative contributing to economic research and policy discussions. Specializes in applied economics and financial theory.

Nitin Nair

University of Leeds

PhD researcher at Leeds Business School focusing on monetary economics and financial systems. His research examines the intersection of money, finance, and economic development. Currently pursuing doctoral studies in economics with emphasis on macroeconomic policy and financial theory.

Ivan Weigandi Martinez

University of Leeds

Post-Keynesian economist and researcher focusing on monetary theory and macroeconomic policy. Member of the Post-Keynesian Economics Society contributing to heterodox economic thought. His work examines alternative approaches to understanding money, finance, and economic systems.

Enrico Pulieri

SOAS

PhD candidate in macroeconomics at SOAS researching fiscal and monetary policies related to sovereign debt management. His doctoral work focuses on the impact of climate change on debt management in the European Monetary Union and Asia. Research Fellow at SOAS Centre for Sustainable Finance and member of the Japan Economy Network.

Alex Howlett

The Greshm Institute

Economist and researcher focused on Universal Basic Income theory and policy since 2011. Currently developing intellectual foundations for UBI through The Greshm Institute. His work emphasizes UBI as a sane alternative to forcing people into useless work as an excuse to distribute money.

Gerhardt Kalterherberg

University of Darmstadt

Economic researcher and analyst with expertise in European economic integration and monetary policy. Focuses on macroeconomic theory and policy analysis within European institutional frameworks. Contributes to research on financial systems and economic governance.

Monica DiLeo

Hertie School

Postdoctoral researcher in political economy examining central banking and climate change politics. Previously completed PhD at University of Queensland and worked as Senior Analyst at Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Currently researching how central banks navigate policymaking in contested and politicized contexts.

Inga Feldmann

Freie Universität Berlin

PhD candidate at the Center for European Integration researching "Financialization of and by the European Economic and Monetary Union." Her work examines changes in institutions and ideas from the financial crisis to the Covid crisis. Based at Freie Universität Berlin's Department of Political and Social Sciences.

Events

Workshop Image

Money as if Finance Mattered 3

Coming Soon

The third iteration of our successful workshop series focusing on developing a credit money approach that moves away from representative agent models toward modeling a liquidity-based hierarchy of dynamic balance sheets.

Learn More
Manchester Workshop

Money as if Finance Mattered 2

July 8-10, 2025 | Manchester

Featured speakers including Perry Mehrling, Jo Michell, Giuseppe Fontana, Jan Toporowski, and Claudio Borio. Focused on liquidity-based hierarchies and settlement constraints in monetary systems.

View Details
Berlin Workshop at Freie Universität

Money as if Finance Mattered 1

January 9-12, 2025 | Berlin

Inaugural workshop addressing the crucial, intertwined roles of money and finance in modern capitalist economies. Organized at Freie Universität Berlin with focus on bridging monetary and financial approaches.

View Details

Featured Publications

Our senior scholars' research contributes to theoretical and empirical understanding of monetary and financial systems

Speculation, financial fragility and stock-flow consistency

Jo Michell (2014)

Analyzes the relationship between speculation and financial instability using stock-flow consistent modeling. Explores how speculative behavior interacts with balance sheet dynamics to generate financial fragility in capitalist economies.

In: The Great Recession and the contradictions of contemporary capitalism, Edward Elgar Publishing

Balance Sheet Relations Endogenous Risk Macrofinancial Modeling

Dollar liquidity, financial vulnerability and monetary sovereignty

Rob Calvert Jump, Jo Michell (2023)

Examines how dollar-denominated debt affects monetary sovereignty and financial stability in emerging economies. Demonstrates the constraints that offshore dollar funding places on domestic monetary policy autonomy and economic development.

Development and Change, 54(5), 1087-1113

Monetary Hierarchy Crossborder Flows

Theorising non-bank financial intermediation

Jo Michell (2024)

Develops a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding non-bank financial intermediation. Challenges traditional banking theory by analyzing how shadow banking creates systemic risks through complex chains of financial intermediation.

Review of Keynesian Economics, 12(2), 181-196

Balance Sheet Relations Endogenous Risk

Do shadow banks create money? Financialisation and the monetary circuit

Jo Michell (2017)

Investigates the money-creating capacity of shadow banking institutions using monetary circuit theory. Argues that understanding shadow banking requires analyzing the institutional structure of money creation beyond traditional commercial banks.

Metroeconomica, 68(2), 354-377

Reflux Dynamics Balance Sheet Relations

Post Keynesians and Circuitists on money and uncertainty

Giuseppe Fontana (2000)

Provides a comprehensive synthesis of Post Keynesian and Circuitist approaches to money and uncertainty. Develops a unified framework showing how these schools complement each other in understanding monetary phenomena.

Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 23(1), 27-48

Balance Sheet Relations Reflux Dynamics

Post Keynesian approaches to endogenous money: a time framework explanation

Giuseppe Fontana (2003)

Develops a temporal framework for understanding endogenous money creation. Distinguishes between different time horizons in monetary analysis and shows how this resolves apparent contradictions in Post Keynesian monetary theory.

Review of Political Economy, 15(3), 291-314

Reflux Dynamics Macrofinancial Modeling

Monetary economics after the global financial crisis

Giuseppe Fontana, Riccardo Realfonzo, Marco Veronese Passarella (2020)

Assesses the evolution of endogenous money theory following the 2008 global financial crisis. Examines how central bank interventions and unconventional monetary policies have validated core Post Keynesian insights about money creation.

European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies, 17(3), 339-355

Endogenous Risk Reflux Dynamics

The Monetary Circuit Theory, Financialisation and the Rise of the Non-Bank Financial Intermediaries

Rosa Canelli, Giuseppe Fontana, Riccardo Realfonzo (2025)

Applies monetary circuit theory to analyze the growth of non-bank financial intermediation. Shows how financialization has transformed the monetary circuit, creating new channels for money creation and systemic risk outside traditional banking.

Review of Political Economy (forthcoming)

Reflux Dynamics Balance Sheet Relations

Dollar debt in FX swaps and forwards: huge, missing and growing

Claudio Borio, Robert McCauley, Patrick McGuire (2017)

Reveals a massive "hidden" dollar debt market through FX derivatives worth approximately $60 trillion. Demonstrates how this off-balance-sheet funding creates systemic vulnerabilities and challenges traditional views of international capital flows.

BIS Quarterly Review, September 2017

Derivatives Research Crossborder Flows Endogenous Risk

Back to the future: Intellectual challenges for monetary policy

Claudio Borio (2021)

Critically examines the intellectual foundations of contemporary monetary policy. Argues for a return to pre-modern synthesis insights about money, finance, and the real economy to address current policy challenges.

Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, 40(4), 273-287

Monetary Hierarchy Reflux Dynamics

Monetary and Fiscal Policy: Privileged powers, entwined responsibilities

Claudio Borio, Piti Disyatat (2021)

Analyzes the fundamental relationships between monetary and fiscal policy. Argues that their operational boundaries are more intertwined than commonly recognized, with important implications for policy coordination and central bank independence.

SUERF Policy Note, No. 238

Monetary Hierarchy Balance Sheet Relations

On money, debt, trust, and central banking

Claudio Borio (2019)

Explores the fundamental relationships between money, debt, and trust in modern financial systems. Examines how central banking has evolved and the challenges facing monetary authorities in maintaining stability and confidence in an interconnected global economy.

Cato Journal, 39, 267-286

Endogenous Risk Balance Sheet Relations

Whither inflation targeting as a global monetary standard?

Claudio Borio (2024)

Critically assesses the future of inflation targeting as the dominant monetary policy framework. Questions whether this approach remains adequate for addressing contemporary challenges including financial stability, climate change, and evolving economic structures.

BIS Working Papers, No. 1170

Monetary Hierarchy

Interest and Capital: The Monetary Economics of Michał Kalecki

Jan Toporowski (2022)

Comprehensive examination of Kalecki's monetary economics, revealing his sophisticated understanding of interest rates, capital formation, and financial markets. Shows how Kalecki's insights remain relevant for contemporary monetary and financial theory.

Oxford University Press

Macrofinancial Modeling Balance Sheet Relations

What Keynes learned from Kalecki: a brief introduction to the fiscal theory of debt management

Jan Toporowski (2022)

Explores the intellectual relationship between Keynes and Kalecki, particularly regarding fiscal policy and debt management. Demonstrates how Kalecki's insights influenced Keynesian thinking about the role of government finance in economic stabilization.

In: Monetary Economics, Banking and Policy, Routledge, 90-102

Monetary Hierarchy Balance Sheet Relations

Anwar Shaikh and the classical theory of interest: a critical note

Jan Toporowski (2020)

Critical examination of Anwar Shaikh's approach to interest rate theory within the classical framework. Evaluates the theoretical foundations and implications of Shaikh's contribution to understanding interest rates in capitalist economies.

Cambridge Journal of Economics, 44(2), 465-474

Macrofinancial Modeling

Payment vs. funding: The law of reflux for today

Perry Mehrling (2022)

Updates Fullarton's law of reflux for modern financial conditions. Distinguishes between payment systems and funding markets to analyze how money creation and destruction work in contemporary market-based credit systems.

INET Working Paper Series

Reflux Dynamics Balance Sheet Relations

Breaking free of the triple coincidence in international finance

Stefan Avdjiev, Robert McCauley, Hyun Song Shin (2016)

Challenges the assumption that GDP boundaries, decision-making units, and currency areas coincide. Shows how this "triple coincidence" misleads analysis of international capital flows and exchange rate dynamics in a world of global finance.

Economic Policy, 31(87), 409-451

Crossborder Flows Monetary Hierarchy

Monetary Economics: An Integrated Approach

Wynne Godley, Marc Lavoie (2012)

Foundational text integrating stock-flow consistent modeling with Post Keynesian monetary theory. Provides comprehensive framework for analyzing monetary economies that respects accounting identities and institutional realities. Introduction and Chapters 1-4 recommended.

Palgrave Macmillan

Macrofinancial Modeling Balance Sheet Relations

Dollarization of the eurozone

John Grahl, Photis Lysandrou (2020)

Analyzes the increasing dependence of European financial markets on dollar funding and instruments. Examines how this "dollarization" affects European monetary sovereignty and the international role of the euro.

New Left Review, 125, 19-33

Crossborder Flows Monetary Hierarchy

Showing 4 featured publications. For all papers, visit our complete Publications page

Videos

Watch our research presentations, workshop discussions, and educational content on our YouTube channel.

Workshop Presentations

In-depth discussions on monetary theory and financial analysis

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Educational Series

Financial literacy content for general audiences

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Conference Talks

Presentations from academic conferences and workshops

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Institutional Partners

We collaborate with leading academic institutions, research organizations, and policy institutions worldwide.

Initiative for Global Law and Political Economy (iGLPE)

University of Manchester Law School

Cross-disciplinary analysis into the dynamics of resource coordination, distribution and production across societies. Explores expertise at the intersections of economy, law, and politics.

Young Scholars Initiative (YSI)

Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET)

Supporting the next generation of new economic thinkers through collaborative projects, working groups, and global convenings. Fosters flexible, creative, real-world economic thinking.

John-F.-Kennedy-Institut für Nordamerikastudien

Freie Universität Berlin

Interdisciplinary research and teaching institute for North American Studies. Founded in 1963, it promotes research on North American culture, politics, economics, and society.

International University College of Turin (IUC)

Turin, Italy

Established in 2006 for the critical study of law and finance as institutional foundations of global capitalism. Authentically cosmopolitan institution with faculty including Jan Toporowski and other renowned scholars.

New York University

New York, NY, USA

A leading global research university fostering innovation, collaboration, and academic excellence across diverse disciplines. Home to renowned faculty and students advancing knowledge in economics, finance, and related fields.

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